Appendix D

Sources for Forsyth Futures Analysis: Risk Factors for and Outcomes of Poverty

Works Cited

1. Turner, M. A., Edelman, P., Poethig, E., Aron, L., Rogers, M., & Lowenstein, C. (2014). Tackling Persistent Poverty in Distressed. Washington, DC.

2. Rothwell, J. (2014). The Neighborhood Effect: Localities and Upward Mobility. Retrieved January 15, 2015, from http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/social-mobility-memos/posts/2014/11/12-neighborhood-effect-upward-mobility-rothwell

3. Sharkey, P. (2009). Neighborhoods and the Black-White Mobility Gap. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/0001/01/01/neighborhoods-and-the-blackwhite-mobility-gap

4. How Poverty is Calculated in the ACS. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty-cal-in-acs.pdf

5. Beverly, S. G. (2001). Material hardship in the United States: Evidence from the survey of income and program participation. Social Work Research, 25(3), 143–151. Retrieved from http://www.scopus.com/ inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0038968297&partnerID=40&md5=44848dc0ad904b7d7dc20f5808d3758a

6. Edin, K., & Kissane, R. J. (2010). Poverty and the American family: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 460–479. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00713.x

7. Haskins, R. (2011). Fighting poverty the American way. In Anti-Poverty Programs in a Global Perspective:Lessons from Rich and Poor Countries. Social Science Research Center, Berlin, June 20-21, 2011. Berlin.

8. Danziger, S. H., and Haveman, R. H., eds. Understanding Poverty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.

9. Furchtgott-Roth, D., Jacobson, L., & Mokher, C. (2009). Strengthening Community Colleges' Influence on Economic Mobility. Philadelphia, PA: Economic Mobility Project: The Pew Charitable Trusts

10. Sharkey, P., Bryan, G. (2013). Mobility and the Metropolis: How Communities Factor Into Economic Mobility. Philadelphia, PA: Economic Mobility Project: The Pew Charitable Trusts.

11. Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United

States: what the patterns tell us. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S186-S196.

12. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), definition retrieved from http://www.samhsa.gov/disorders

13. World Health Organization (WHO), definition retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/en/

14. Woolf, Steven H., and Paula Braveman. "Where health disparities begin: the role of social and economic determinants—and why current policies may make matters worse." Health affairs 30.10 (2011): 1852-1859.

15. Wagstaff, A. (2002). Poverty and health sector inequalities. Bulletin of the world health organization, 80(2), 97-105.

16. Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 365(9464), 1099-1104.

17. Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E. (2010). Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S186-S196.

18. Viner, R. M., Ozer, E. M., Denny, S., Marmot, M., Resnick, M., Fatusi, A., & Currie, C. (2012). Adolescence and the social

determinants of health. The Lancet, 379(9826), 1641-1652.

19. Cramer, Reid & Williams Shanks, Trina (2014). The Assets Perspective: The Rise of Asset Building and its Impact on Social Policy. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

20. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Children and youth and HUD’s homeless definition. Retrieved from: https://www.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HUDs-Homeless-Definition-as-it-Relates-to-Children-and-Youth.pdf

21. Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration. “Homelessness Resource Center. Homelessness: Causes of Homelessness.” (2014). http://homeless.samhsa.gov/channel/causes-of-homelessness- 199.aspx

22. Balshem, H., Christensen, V., Tuepker, A., et al. (2011). A critical review of the literature regarding homelessness among veterans. Washington (DC): Department of Veteran Affairs (US). Retrieved from: europepmc.org/books/NBK55705

23. USDA definition : http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/definitions-of-food- security.aspx

24. Cook, J. T., & Frank, D. A. (2008). Food security, poverty, and human development in the United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1136(1), 193-209.

25. Gundersen, Craig, and James P. Ziliak. "Childhood food insecurity in the US: Trends, causes, and policy options." The Future of

Children 24.2 (2014): 1-19.

26. Feeding America, Map the Meal Gap, 2016

27. USDA Methodology; http://www.ers.usda.gov/dataFiles/Food_Access_Research_Atlas/Download_the_Data/Archived_Version/archived_documentati on.pdf

Figure and Table Citations

Figure 1:
Percent of Residents in Poverty by Geography, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months [Table S17001]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 2:
Percent of Residents in Poverty by Geography, 2006-2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2007-2016). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months [Table S17001]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2006-2015. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 3:
Percent of Winston-Salem Residents Ages 18 to 64 in Poverty by Gender, 2010-2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2015). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by Age [Table B17001]. ACS 1-Year

Figure 4:
Percent of Winston-Salem Residents in Poverty By Age, 2010- 2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2015). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months [Table S17001]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2010-2014. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 5:
Percent of Winston-Salem Residents in Poverty by Race/Ethnicity, 2010-2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2015). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months [Table S17001]. ACS 5-Year Estimates 2010-2014. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 6:
Unemployment Rate in Winston-Salem, NC, 2006-2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2007-2016). Sex by age by employment status for the population 16 and over [Table B2301]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2006 – 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 7:
Unemployment Rate Among Peer Communities, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Sex by age by employment status for the population 16 and over [Table B2301]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 8:
Poverty by Work Status Among in Winston-Salem, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Poverty status in the past 12 months of individuals by sex by employment status [Table B17005]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2014. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Poverty status in the past 12 months [Table S1701]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2014. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 9:
Employment Status and Poverty in Winston-Salem, N.C., 2006-2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2007-2016). Poverty status in the past 12 months of individuals by sex by employment status [Table B17005]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2006 – 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Table 1:
Winston-Salem Household Income by Percentile, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Household Income Quintile Upper Units [Table B1980]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 10:
Household Income by Percentile by Community, 2015

Figure 11:
Winston-Salem Household Income by Percentile, 2006-2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2007-2016). Household Income Quintile Upper Units [Table B1980]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2006-2015. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Crawford, M., Church, J., Akin, B. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Table 24. Historical Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U): U.S. city average, all items- continued. CPI Detailed Report: Data for February 2016. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/cpi

Figure 12:
Median Household Income by Race of Householder in Winston- Salem, 2010-2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2015). Median Income in the Past 12 Months [Table S1903]. 5-Year Estimates 2010-2014. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 13:
Median Household Income for Families with and without Children in Winston-Salem, 2010- 2014

Figure 14:
Educational Attainment Among Winston-Salem Residents 25 and Older, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Sex by educational attainment for the population 25 years and over [Table B15002]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 15:
Poverty Among Forsyth County Residents 25 and Older by Educational Attainment, 2010-2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2015). Public use microdata sample (PUMS). ACS 5-Year Estimates. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/pums.html

Figure 16:
Educational Attainment by Race and Ethnicity for Winston-Salem Residents 25 and over, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Sex by educational attainment for the population 25 years and over (Black or African American Alone; White, Not Hispanic or Latino; Hispanic or Latino) [Tables B15002B, B15002H, B15002I]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 17:
Poverty and Educational Attainment for Residents 25 and Over in Forsyth County, 2010-2014

Figure 18: Percent of Residents without Health Insurance in Forsyth County, 2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Percent Uninsured. SAHIE 2014. [Data Files]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/did/www/sahie/

Figure 19: Percent of Uninsured Residents by County and Income, 2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Percent Uninsured. SAHIE 2014. [Data Files]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/did/www/sahie/

Figure 20:
Homeownership Among Peer Communities, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016) Tenure [Table B25003]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 21:
Homeownership Rate by Race and Ethnicity in Winston-Salem, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016) Tenure (Black or African American Alone; White, Not Hispanic Alone; Hispanic or Latino Alone) [Tables B25003B, B25003H, B25003I]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 22:
Housing Burden Among Peer Communities, 2015

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016) Tenure by Housing Costs as a Percentage of Household Income in the Past 12 Months [Table B25106]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 23:

Rate of Homelessness in Forsyth County, 1997-2015

PIT Counts 1997-2007: Personal communication with Winston-Salem Continuum of Care Staff. 21 March 2013.

PIT Counts 2008-2015: North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina Point-in-Time Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/ PIT Counts 2010-2012: Homeless Data Exchange, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Point in Time Summary for NC-500-WinstonSalem/Forsyth County CoC. Retrieved by Winston-Salem Continuum of Care staff on 21 March 2013.

Forsyth County Population Data: United States Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2016). Bridged-race population estimates, United States July 1 resident population by state, county age, sex, bridged-race, and Hispanic origin. Retrieved from CDC Wonder Online Database. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-racev2015.html.

Figure 24:
Rate of Homelessness

by Veteran Status, 2015North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina Point-in-Time
Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Veteran Status, Sex by Age by Nativity and Citizenship Status 1-Year Estimates [Tables S2101 and B05003]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2015. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

Figure 25:
Rate of Homelessness by Gender, 2015

PIT Counts 2015: North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina Point-in-Time Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/

Figure 26:
Rate of Homelessness by Ethnicity, 2015

PIT Counts 2015: North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina Point-in- Time Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/

Figure 27:
Rate of Homelessness by Race, 2015

PIT Counts 2015: North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina Point- in-Time Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/

Figure 28:
Rate of Homelessness for Adults and Children, 2008-2015

PIT Counts 2008-2015: North Carolina Coalition to End Homelessness. North Carolina

Point-in-Time Count Data. Retrieved from www.ncceh.org/PITdata/

PIT Counts 2010-2012: Homeless Data Exchange, United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Point in Time Summary for NC-500-Winston Salem/Forsyth County CoC. Retrieved by Winston-Salem Continuum of Care staff on 21 March 2013. Forsyth County Population Data: United States Department of Health and Human Services (US DHHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). (2016). Bridged-race population estimates, United States July 1 resident population by state, county age, sex, bridged-race, and Hispanic origin. Retrieved from CDC Wonder Online Database. Accessed at http://wonder.cdc.gov/bridged-racev2015.html.

Figure 29:
Percent of Low Income Population Living in a Food Desert, 2014

U.S. Department of Commerce United States Census Bureau. (2016). Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months [Table S1701]. ACS 1-Year Estimates 2014. [Data Files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov

United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas, http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research- atlas.aspx

Figure 30:
Map of Food Resources, Food Insecurity, and Food Deserts

United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food Access Research Atlas, http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research- atlas.aspx

Forsyth Community Gardening

Estimates 2010-2014. [Data files]. Retrieved from http://factfinder.census.gov